Overview
Definition
The Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. It’s particularly useful for complex, large-scale projects where task completion times are uncertain. Developed in the 1950s for the U.S. Navy’s Polaris missile project, PERT focuses on time more than cost, providing a graphical representation of a project’s timeline.
Key Features of PERT
- Event-based: Uses events, also known as milestones, to signify the beginning and end of project activities.
- Uncertainty: Incorporates probabilistic time estimates, allowing project managers to deal with uncertainty.
- Critical Path: Identifies the longest path of planned activities to the end of the project, highlighting the tasks that cannot be delayed without affecting the project timeline.
- Graphical Representation: Uses a PERT chart or network diagram to depict tasks, durations, and dependencies.
Examples of PERT
Example 1: Software Development Project
A company is developing a new software application. Using PERT, they identify the main activities such as requirement gathering, design, coding, testing, and deployment. Each activity’s time is estimated, and dependencies are noted. PERT helps them manage the integration of different teams working on different modules.
Example 2: Construction Project
In a construction project for building a bridge, PERT can be used to evaluate tasks like site preparation, foundation laying, pillar construction, bridge deck setup, and final touches. PERT helps determine the sequence in which tasks must be performed and the project’s critical path to ensure timely completion.
Example 3: Event Planning
An organization planning a large conference can use PERT to manage tasks such as venue booking, speaker coordination, marketing, registration, and event execution. The PERT chart will help them streamline the planning process and spot potential bottlenecks along the way.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What is the difference between PERT and CPM (Critical Path Method)?
Although both PERT and CPM are network scheduling techniques, PERT typically uses three time estimates (optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely) to account for uncertainty, whereas CPM uses a single fixed time estimate. CPM is more cost-oriented, while PERT focuses on time.
What are the three time estimates in PERT?
- Optimistic Time (O): The minimum possible time required to complete a task.
- Pessimistic Time (P): The maximum possible time required to complete a task.
- Most Likely Time (M): The best estimate of the time required to complete a task, assuming everything progresses as normal.
How is the expected time for a task calculated in PERT?
The expected time (TE) is calculated using the formula: \[ TE = (O + 4M + P) / 6 \]
What is a PERT chart?
A PERT chart is a visual representation of a project that lays out the sequence of tasks, the timeline for task completion, and the dependencies between tasks. It helps in understanding the flow of the project and identifying critical tasks.
What are the benefits of using PERT?
- Better control over project timelines
- Improved scheduling and planning
- Ability to manage large and complex projects
- Identification of critical and non-critical tasks
- Enhanced ability to handle uncertainty in task durations
How does PERT handle project uncertainties?
PERT incorporates probabilistic time estimates (optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely) for each activity, which allows project managers to calculate expected times and variances, thus handling uncertainties effectively.
Related Terms
Critical Path Method (CPM)
A project modeling technique used in project management that defines critical and non-critical tasks to prevent time-frame problems and process bottlenecks.
Gantt Chart
A type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule, showing the start and finish dates of the various elements of the project.
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
A hierarchical decomposition of a project into smaller components, making it easier to manage and schedule.
Slack Time
The amount of time that a task can be delayed without causing a delay in subsequent tasks or the overall project completion.
Online References
- Project Management Institute (PMI)
- American Society for the Advancement of Project Management (ASAPM)
- Mind Tools - PERT
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling” by Harold Kerzner
- “Project Management for Dummies” by Stanley E. Portny
- “Effective Project Management: Traditional, Agile, Extreme” by Robert K. Wysocki
- “The Fast Forward MBA in Project Management” by Eric Verzuh
Accounting Basics: Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) Fundamentals Quiz
Thank you for diving into the intricate world of Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). Your dedication to mastering this critical project management tool is commendable. Good luck with your future projects!
