Churning refers to the practice of excessive trading in a stock investment account primarily to generate excessive brokerage commissions, regardless of the client’s investment objectives.
Various fees and expenses payable by the seller and buyer at the time of a real estate closing; also termed transaction cost. Some closing costs include brokerage commissions, lender discount points and other fees, title insurance premiums, deed recording fees, loan prepayment penalties, inspection and appraisal fees, and attorney's fees.
The fourth market involves the direct trading of large blocks of securities between institutional investors, bypassing brokers to save on commissions.
